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David Miller
THE COLD WAR
A Military History
MAPS
Preface
AUTHOR’S CONVENTIONS
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
PART I
THE TWO GREAT ALLIANCES
1
‘A Bewildered, Baffled and Breathless World’{1}
EUROPE IN THE POST-WAR ERA
EASTERN EUROPE
COMMUNISTS IN WESTERN EUROPE
THE DUNKIRK TREATY
THE BRUSSELS TREATY
A NORDIC PACT?
2
The Birth of NATO
MEMBERSHIP
3
The Development of NATO: 1949–1989
THE DIPLOMATIC SCENE
INTERNAL PROCESSES
4
Stresses and Strains
FRANCE
OTHER INTERNAL TENSIONS
NATO AND THE HUNGARIAN CRISIS
NATO AND THE CZECH CRISIS
THE SS-20 ISSUE
5
NATO’s Military Organization
THE COMMANDS
TELECOMMUNICATIONS
6
The Warsaw Pact
HUNGARY: 1956
CZECHOSLOVAKIA: 1968
THE POLISH CRISIS: 1980–81
THE FIRST MAVERICK – ALBANIA
THE SECOND MAVERICK – ROMANIA
FINIS
PART II
STRATEGIC ISSUES
7
The Nature of Nuclear War
NUCLEAR EXPLOSIONS
NUCLEAR ATTACKS ON CENTRES OF POPULATION
A PRE-EMPTIVE ATTACK ON MILITARY TARGETS
SECONDARY EFFECTS
RURAL AREAS
LONG-TERM EFFECTS
NUCLEAR TESTS
8
Nuclear War-Fighting Systems
THE SECOND WORLD WAR LEGACY
THE BACKGROUND TO STRATEGY
TYPES OF ATTACK
TYPES OF TARGET
WARHEADS
THROW WEIGHT
ACCURACY
TIMING
‘FRATRICIDE’
9
Intercontinental Ballistic Missiles
THE US ICBM PROGRAMME
SOVIET ICBM DEVELOPMENT[63]
BASING
10
Submarine-Based Missiles
US SYSTEMS
US SUBMARINES
ALTERNATIVE US SEA SYSTEMS
SOVIET SYSTEMS
SOVIET SUBMARINES
ALTERNATIVE SOVIET SEA SYSTEMS
SOVIET SSBN STRATEGY
LOCATING THE SSBNS
11
Strategic Bombers
US AIRCRAFT
SOVIET AIRCRAFT
STAND-OFF MISSILES
STRATEGIC AIR POWER IN THE COLD WAR
12
The Other Strategic Nuclear Powers
THE UK
FRANCE
CHINA
13
Civil Defence
THE USSR
THE USA
THE UK
OTHER COUNTRIES
A NON-CREDIBLE SYSTEM
14
Assessing the Balance
AVAILABILITY
RELIABILITY
SINGLE-SHOT KILL PROBABILITY
CAPABILITIES
PART III
NAVAL WARFARE
15
The NATO Navies
THE US NAVY
OTHER NATO NAVIES
STANDING NAVAL FORCES
NATO’S STRENGTHS
16
The Warsaw Pact Navies
THE SOVIET NAVY
OTHER WARSAW PACT NAVIES
17
Nuclear-Powered Attack Submarines
THE US NUCLEAR SUBMARINE PROGRAMME
SOVIET NUCLEAR-POWERED ATTACK SUBMARINES
THE UK
FRANCE
CANADA
18
Diesel-Electric Submarines
US SUBMARINES
THE SOVIET DIESEL-ELECTRIC SUBMARINE FLEET[1]
BRITISH SUBMARINES
FRANCE
WEST GERMANY
OTHER NATO NAVIES
19
Aircraft Carriers
US CARRIERS
BRITISH CARRIERS
SOVIET CARRIERS
OTHER NAVIES
ANTI-CARRIER WARFARE
20
Surface Warships
THE US NAVY
THE SOVIET NAVY
THE BRITISH NAVY
FRANCE
BATTLESHIPS AND BATTLECRUISERS
21
NATO’s 1950s Mine-Warfare Programme
OCEAN-GOING MINESWEEPERS
COASTAL MINESWEEPERS
INSHORE MINESWEEPERS
AN IGNORED LESSON
22
Amphibious Warfare
THE US MARINE CORPS
THE SOVIET NAVAL INFANTRY
OTHER AMPHIBIOUS UNITS
PART IV
THE LAND BATTLE ON THE CENTRAL FRONT
23
NATO’s Central Region Ground Forces
THE NATIONAL ARMIES
DEFENDING THE CENTRAL REGION
AIRBORNE FORCES
MOBILIZATION
LOGISTICS
MALDEPLOYMENT
CONCLUSION
24
Warsaw Pact Deployment on the Central Front
THE WESTERN TVD
SOVIET ARMIES IN GERMANY
OTHER SOVIET FORCES ON THE CENTRAL FRONT
NON-SOVIET WARSAW PACT ARMIES
WARSAW PACT PARACHUTE FORCES
CONCLUSION
25
Main Battle Tanks
THE REQUIREMENT
TANK DEVELOPMENT 1949–1989
SOVIET TANKS
NATO TANKS
ASSESSMENT
26
Infantry
PERSONNEL CARRIERS OR COMBAT VEHICLES?
THE INFANTRY REVOLUTION
27
Artillery
FIELD ARTILLERY
AIR DEFENCE
TARGET ACQUISITION
PART V
AIR WARFARE
28
NATO Air Forces
CENTRAL REGION ORGANIZATION
THE AIR FORCES
29
NATO Fighter and Attack Aircraft
FIGHTER AND ATTACK-AIRCRAFT DEVELOPMENT
INTERNATIONAL CO-OPERATION
CONCLUSION
30
Warsaw Pact Air Forces
THE SOVIET AIR FORCE
OTHER WARSAW PACT AIR FORCES
PART VI
THE MAJOR ISSUES
31
The Mechanics of Going to War
THE NATO ALERT BOOK
THE WARSAW PACT
A SURPRISE ATTACK
32
Berlin: Front-Line City of the Cold War
THE LEGAL POSITION
POST-WAR DEVELOPMENTS
WESTERN PLANS
INCIDENTS
THE BERLIN ACCORD
THE END
LIFE IN BERLIN
FORTY-FOUR YEARS IN THE FRONT LINE
33
Battlefield Nuclear Weapons
GUNS
MISSILES
TARGET ACQUISITION
SAFETY
THE BATTLEFIELD-NUCLEAR-WEAPONS ISSUES
34
Conventional War in Europe
THE WARSAW PACT ATTACK PLANS
35
If Nuclear War had Come
THE US STRATEGY FOR NUCLEAR WAR
THE OTHER SIDE OF THE HILL
A STRATEGIC ATTACK ON NORTH AMERICA
A STRATEGIC ATTACK ON THE UK
A STRATEGIC ATTACK ON THE USSR
ATTACKS ON CITIES
CASUALTIES
A BATTLE IN EUROPE
36
The Financial Cost
EQUIPMENT
MANAGEMENT
DEFENCE COSTS
37
The Cold War in Retrospect
TACTICAL NUCLEAR WEAPONS
NUCLEAR WARFIGHTING
THE PLANS
APPENDICES
APPENDIX 1
Western Union Defence Organization
APPENDIX 2
The North Atlantic Treaty
APPENDIX 3
The Warsaw Treaty of Friendship, Co-operation and Mutual Assistance
APPENDIX 4
Equivalent Ranks and the ‘Star’ System
APPENDIX 5
Senior Appointments 1949–89: NATO and the Warsaw Pact
APPENDIX 6
Nuclear Weapons ‘Firsts’
APPENDIX 7
German and US Land-Based Strategic Missiles: 1944–1990
APPENDIX 8
Soviet Land-Based Strategic Missiles: 1955–1990
APPENDIX 9
Sea-Launched Strategic Missiles
APPENDIX 10
Ballistic-Missile Submarines
APPENDIX 11
Strategic Bombers
APPENDIX 12
Strategic Tanker Aircraft
APPENDIX 13
Strategic Nuclear Bombs and Bombers: UK
APPENDIX 14
Ballistic-Missile Submarines: China, France, UK
APPENDIX 15
French Nuclear Weapons
APPENDIX 16
Chinese Ballistic Missiles
APPENDIX 17
Strategic Missile Balances: 1970, 1980, 1990
APPENDIX 18
NATO and Soviet Naval Strengths: 1950
APPENDIX 19
Nuclear Submarine Accidents: USSR
APPENDIX 20
Soviet Nuclear-Powered Attack Submarines
APPENDIX 21
Soviet Diesel-Electric Submarines
APPENDIX 22
US Navy Carrier Air Wing: 1980
APPENDIX 23
Sea Mines Laid and Damage Caused in the Second World War
APPENDIX 24
NATO’s 1950s Mine Countermeasures Programme*
APPENDIX 25
Main Battle Tanks: NATO and Warsaw Pact
APPENDIX 26
Artillery: NATO and Warsaw Pact
APPENDIX 27
Tactical Nuclear Weapons Systems
APPENDIX 28
A Hypothetical US Counter-Force Attack on Soviet Strategic Forces in 1986
Glossary
Photographs
Index
List of Illustrations
Bibliography
BOOKS
OFFICIAL PUBLICATIONS
MAGAZINES AND JOURNALS
REFERENCE BOOKS
OFFICIAL DOCUMENTS
About the Author
Copyright
Notes
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